Ngā taahiraa me ngā tawhā o te tukanga cadmium

I. Te Maimoatanga o mua o ngā Rauemi Mata me te Whakamaarama Tuatahi

1. ?Te Whakarite i te Kaihanga Cadmium Parakore-Teitei?

• ?Horoi Waikawa‌: Rukuhia ngā poro cadmium ā-ahumahi ki roto i te otinga waikawa hauota 5%-10% i te 40-60°C mō te 1-2 hāora hei tango i ngā waikura mata me ngā poke konganuku. Horoia ki te wai tango-ioniti kia tae rā anō ki te pH kūpapa, kātahi ka maroke ki te mīhini horoi.
• ?Te Whakarewa Waiwhakarewa‌: Whakamaaramahia ngā para kei roto te cadmium (hei tauira, te para parahi-cadmium) ki te waikawa whanariki (15-20% te kukū) i te 80-90°C mō ngā hāora 4-6, kia eke ki te ≥95% te pai o te tango cadmium. Tātarihia, ka tāpirihia te paura konutea (1.2-1.5 ngā wā o te ōwehenga stoichiometric) hei neke atu kia whiwhi ai i te hautai cadmium‌

1. ?Te Rewa me te Maka?

• Utaina te kāmiuma hautai ki roto i ngā ipu karāpeti tino parakore, rewahia i raro i te hauātea argon i te 320-350°C, ka ringihia ki roto i ngā pokepoke karāpeti kia puhoi te whakamatao. Hangaia he porotaka he matotoru ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Te Whakamahinga Rohe

1. ?Ngā Taputapu me ngā Tawhā?

• Whakamahia ngā oumu rewa rohe mānu whakapae me te whānui o te rohe rewa o te 5-8 mm, te tere whakawhiti o te 3-5 mm/h, me te 8-12 ngā haerenga whakamahine. Te pikinga pāmahana: 50-80°C/cm; te korehau ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ?Wehewehenga Parakore‌: Ka tukuna e te rohe kua tāruatia te mata kukū, te konutea, me ētahi atu poke i te hiku ingot. Tangohia te wāhanga whakamutunga he 15-20% te nui o te poke, kia eke ki te parakore waenga ≥99.999%

1. ?Ngā Mana Matua?

• Te pāmahana o te rohe rewa: 400-450°C (he paku teitei ake i te ira rewa o te cadmium o te 321°C);
• Tere whakamatao: 0.5-1.5°C/min hei whakaiti i ngā hapa o te whatu;
• Te tere rere o te ākono: 10-15 L/min hei ārai i te waikura

III. Te Whakamahinga Hikohiko

1. ?Te Hanganga Irahiko?

• Te hanganga irahiko: Te konutai Cadmium (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) me te waikawa whanariki (pH 2-3), me te tāpiri i te 0.01-0.05 g/L te gelatin hei whakarei ake i te kiato putunga cathode‌

1. ?Ngā Tawhā Tukanga?

• Anode: Pereti cadmium mata; Cathode: Pereti Titanium;
• Te mātotoru o te au: 80-120 A/m²; Ngāohiko pūtau: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Te pāmahana hikohiko: 30-40°C; Te roanga: 48-72 hāora; Te parakore o te katote ≥99.99%‌

IV. Te Whakaiti Korehau

1. ?Te Whakaiti me te Wehenga o te Pāmahana-Tiketike?

• Whakanohoia ngā poro cadmium ki roto i te oumu korehau (pēhanga ≤10⁻² Pa), tāpirihia te hauwai hei whakaiti, ka whakamahana ki te 800-1000°C hei whakaiti i ngā waikura cadmium ki te cadmium hau. Te pāmahana o te whakapūmau: 200-250°C; Te parakore whakamutunga ≥99.9995%

1. ?Te Whai Huatanga o te Tango i te Parakore?

• Ngā toenga o te mata, te parahi, me ētahi atu poke whakarewa ≤0.1 ppm;
• Te nui o te hāora ≤5 ppm

V. Czochralski Te Tiputanga o te Karaihe Kotahi

1. ?Te Whakahaere Rewa me te Whakarite Karaihe Kākano?

• Utaina ngā poro cadmium tino parakore ki roto i ngā oko whakarewa quartz tino parakore, rewahia i raro i te argon i te 340-360°C. Whakamahia ngā purapura cadmium kotahi-kiriata (diameter 5-8 mm), kua whakamahanahia i mua i te 800°C hei whakakore i te ahotea o roto.

1. ?Ngā Tawhā Kume Karaihe?

• Tere kukume: 1.0-1.5 mm/min (wāhanga tīmatanga), 0.3-0.5 mm/min (tipu pumau);
• Hurihanga o te para: 5-10 rpm (hurihanga-whakamuri);
• Te pikinga pāmahana: 2-5°C/mm; Te pikinga pāmahana o te atanga totoka-wai ≤±0.5°C‌

1. ?Ngā Tikanga Whakaiti i te Hapa?

• ?Āwhina Papa Aukume‌: Whakamahia he papa aukume tuaka 0.2-0.5 T hei pehi i te aueuetanga rewa me te whakaiti i ngā whiri poke;
• ?Whakamatao Whakahaeretia‌: Mā te tere whakamatao i muri i te tipu o te 10-20°C/h ka whakaitihia ngā hapa nekehanga i puta mai i te ahotea wera.

VI. Te Tukatuka-muri me te Mana Kounga

1. ?Mīhini Karaihe?

• ?Te tapahi‌: Whakamahia ngā kani waea taimana hei tapatapahi kia rite ki ngā angaanga 0.5-1.0 mm i te tere waea 20-30 m/s;
• ?Te whakakanapa‌: Te whakakanapa matū ā-ringa (CMP) me te ranunga waikawa hauota-etanoru (ōwehenga 1:5 vol.), ka tutuki ai te taratara o te mata Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ?Ngā Paerewa Kounga?

• ?Te parakore‌: E whakaū ana te GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) i te Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ?Ātete‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (parakore ≥99.9999%);
• ?Te whakatakotoranga karaihe‌: Te rerekētanga <0.5°; Te mātotoru o te nekehanga ≤10³/cm²

VII. Ngā Tohutohu Arotau Tukanga

1. ?Tangohanga Parakore Whaiaro?

• Whakamahia ngā kapia whakawhiti-katote mō te mimiti whiriwhiri o te Cu, Fe, me ētahi atu, me te whakakotahi me te whakamahine rohe maha-wāhanga hei whakatutuki i te parakore 6N-grade (99.9999%)‌

1. ?Ngā Whakapai Ake Aunoatanga?

• Ka whakarerekētia e ngā rauropi AI te tere kukume, ngā pikinga pāmahana, me ētahi atu mea, ka whakapiki ake i te hua mai i te 85% ki te 93%;
• Whakanuia te rahi o te ipu para ki te 36 inihi, kia taea ai te whakamahi i te rauemi whāngai kotahi-puranga o te 2800 kg, kia whakaitihia te whakapaunga pūngao ki te 80 kWh/kg

1. ?Te Oranga Tonutanga me te Whakaora Rauemi?

• Whakahoutia te para horoi waikawa mā te whakawhiti katote (te whakaora Cd ≥99.5%);
• Whakamaaramahia ngā hau putanga ki te mimiti waro whakahohe me te horoi kawakore (te whakaora i te kohu Cd ≥98%)‌

Whakarāpopototanga

Ko te tukanga whakatipu me te purenga o te karaihe cadmium e whakauru ana i te hydrometallurgy, te whakapai tinana pāmahana-tiketike, me ngā hangarau whakatipu karaihe tino tika. Mā te tango waikawa, te whakapai rohe, te electrolysis, te whakatō korehau, me te whakatipu Czochralski—me te aunoatanga me ngā mahi hoahoa-taiao—ka taea ai te whakaputa pumau o ngā tioata kotahi cadmium tino-teitei-parakore 6N-grade. Ka tutuki i ēnei ngā hiahia mō ngā taputapu kite karihi, ngā rauemi photovoltaic, me ngā taputapu semiconductor matatau. Ka arotahi ngā whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ki te tipu karaihe nui, te wehenga poke kua tohua, me te whakaputa waro-iti.