1. Kupu Whakataki

Ko te antimony, he konganuku kore-ferrous nui, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mea ārai mura, ngā koranu, ngā semiconductors me ētahi atu mara. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka noho tahi ngā konganuku antimony i roto i te taiao me te arsenic, ka hua ake he nui te ihirangi arsenic i roto i te antimony mata e pā nui ana ki te mahi me ngā tono o ngā hua antimony. Ka whakauruhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga maha mō te tango i te arsenic i roto i te purenga antimony mata, tae atu ki te whakamahine pyrometallurgical, te whakamahine hydrometallurgical, me te whakamahine electrolytic, e whakaatu ana i ō rātou mātāpono, ngā rere o te tukanga, ngā tikanga whakahaere, me ngā painga/ngā ngoikoretanga.

2. Te Whakamahinga Pyrometallurgical mō te Tango i te Ārsenic

2.1 Tikanga Whakamaeneene Kawakore

2.1.1 Mātāpono

Mā te tikanga whakamahine kawakore ka tangohia te āheniki i runga i te tauhohenga i waenga i ngā matū whakarewa āheniki me te kawakore hei hanga āheniki. Ngā whārite tauhohenga matua:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Te Rere o te Tukanga

1. Te whakarite rauemi mata: Kuruhia te antimony mata kia 5-10mm ngā matūriki ka whakaranua ki te pungarehu houra (Na₂CO₃) i te ōwehenga papatipu 10:1
2. Te whakarewa: Whakamahanahia ki roto i te oumu whakakoi ki te 850-950°C, puritia mō ngā haora 2-3
3. Te Whakahāora: Whakauruhia te hau kōpeke (pēhanga 0.2-0.3MPa), te tere rere 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Te hanganga para: Tāpirihia te nui e tika ana o te totepeter (NaNO₃) hei waikura, te inenga 3-5% o te taumaha antimony
5. Te tango i te paru: I muri i te taunga mō te 30 meneti, tangohia te paru o te mata
6. Whakahokia te mahi: Whakahokia te tukanga o runga ake nei kia 2-3 ngā wā

2.1.3 Mana Whakahaere Tawhā Tukanga

• Whakahaere pāmahana: Te pāmahana tino pai 900±20°C
• Te horopeta o te kawakawa: Whakatikatikahia kia rite ki te nui o te āheni, ko te tikanga he 8-12% o te taumaha ā-antimony
• Te wā whakapūngao: 1-1.5 hāora mō ia huringa whakapūngao

2.1.4 Te Whai Hua o te Tango i te Āsenika

Ka taea te whakaiti i te ihirangi āheniki mai i te 2-5% ki te 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Tikanga Whakarewatanga Waikura

2.2.1 Mātāpono

E whakamahi ana i te āhuatanga e whakaatu ana he nui ake te pūngao o te waikura āteneki (As₂O₃) i te waikura ā-antimony. Ka pūngao te As₂O₃ i te 193°C anake, ko te Sb₂O₃ ia e hiahia ana ki te 656°C.

2.2.2 Te Rere o te Tukanga

1. Te whakarewa waikura: Whakamahanahia i roto i te oumu hurihuri ki te 600-650°C me te whakauru mai o te hau
2. Te maimoatanga hau paru: Te whakapūmau me te whakaora i te As₂O₃ kua whakapūpū
3. Te whakaiti i te whakarewa: Whakaitihia te toenga o ngā rauemi i te 1200°C mā te whakamahi i te kōka
4. Te Whakamahinga: Tāpirihia he iti o te pungarehu houra hei whakapai ake

2.2.3 Ngā Tawhā Matua

• Te kukū o te hāora: 21-28%
• Te wā noho: 4-6 hāora
• Tere hurihuri oumu: 0.5-1r/min

3. Te Whakamahinga Waiwhakarewa mō te Tango i te Āsenika

3.1 Tikanga Whakarewa i te Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Mātāpono

Whakamahia ai te āhuatanga e nui ake ai te wairewatanga o te arsenic sulfide i roto i ngā otinga alkali sulfide i te antimony sulfide. Te tauhohenga matua:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Kore e rewa

3.1.2 Te Rere o te Tukanga

1. Te Whakapūngao: Whakaranua te paura antimony mata ki te whanariki i te ōwehenga papatipu 1:0.3, whakapūngao i te 500°C mō te 1 hāora
2. Te Whakarewa: Whakamahia te 2mol/L Na₂S otinga, te ōwehenga wai-totoka 5:1, whakaohokia ki te 80°C mō ngā hāora e 2
3. Tātari: Tātarihia ki te mīhini tātari, he iti te āteneti antimony kukū o te toenga
4. Whakaora: Whakauruhia te H₂S ki roto i te tātari hei whakaora i te Na₂S

3.1.3 Ngā Tikanga o te Tukanga

• Na₂S kukū: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• pH horoi: 12-13
• Te whai huatanga o te horoi: As>90%, te ngaronga Sb<5%

3.2 Tikanga Whakarewa Waikawa Waikawa

3.2.1 Mātāpono

Ka whakamahi i te waikura māmā ake o te arsenic i roto i ngā āhuatanga waikawa, mā te whakamahi i ngā waikura pēnei i te FeCl₃, te H₂O₂ rānei hei whakarewanga whiriwhiri.

3.2.2 Te Rere o te Tukanga

1. Te Whakarewa: I roto i te 1.5mol/L o te otinga HCl, tāpirihia te 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, te ōwehenga wai-totoka 8:1
2. Whakahaere pūmanawa: Kia mau tonu te pūmanawa waikura i te 400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Wehenga totoka-wai: Tātari korehau, tukuna te tātari ki te whakaora āheni
4. Horoi: Horoia te toenga tātari kia toru ngā wā ki te waikawa hauwai waimeha

4. Tikanga Whakamahinga Hikohiko

4.1 Mātāpono

Ka whakamahi i te rerekētanga o ngā pūmanawa whakatakotoranga i waenga i te antimony (+0.212V) me te arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Te Rere o te Tukanga

1. Te whakarite i te anode: Makahia te antimony mata ki roto i ngā pereti anode 400 × 600 × 20mm
2. Te hanganga irahiko: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, tāpiringa (karatini) 0.5g/L
3. Ngā āhuatanga o te hikohiko:
   • Te mātotoru o te au: 120-150A/m²
   • Ngaohiko pūtau: 0.4-0.6V
   • Te pāmahana: 30-35°C
   • Te tawhiti o te hikohiko: 100mm
4. Huringa: Tangohia mai i te pūtau i ia 7-10 rā

4.3 Ngā Tohu Hangarau

• Te parakore o te katote antimony: ≥99.85%
• Te tere tango i te āheniki: >95%
• Te whai huatanga o nāianei: 85-90%

5. Ngā Hangarau Tango Āheni e Puta Ake Ana

5.1 Te Whakatōtō Korehau

I raro i te korehau 0.1-10Pa, ka whakamahia te rerekētanga pēhanga mamaoa (As: 133Pa i te 550°C, me 1000°C te Sb).

5.2 Te Waikura o te Plasma

Ka whakamahia te plasma pāmahana-iti (5000-10000K) mō te whakakōkī āheniki whiriwhiri, he poto te wā tukatuka (10-30min), he iti te whakapaunga pūngao.

6. Te Whakataurite Tukanga me ngā Taunakitanga Kōwhiringa

Ngā tūtohutanga kōwhiringa:

• Whāngai nui-ārsenic (As>3%): Pai ake te tango i te waikawa whanariki alkali
• Āheniki waenga (0.5-3%): Te whakangawari kawakore, te whakangawari hiko rānei
• Ngā whakaritenga mō te parakore teitei iti-ārsenic: E taunakitia ana te whakamahine hiko

7. Whakamutunga

Ko te tango i te āsenika mai i te antimony mata me whai whakaaro whānui ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi mata, ngā whakaritenga hua, me te ōhanga. He nui te kaha o ngā tikanga pyrometallurgical tuku iho engari he nui te pēhanga taiao; he iti ake te parahanga o ngā tikanga hydrometallurgical engari he roa ake ngā tukanga; he teitei te parakore o ngā tikanga electrolytic engari he nui ake te kaha e pau ana. Ko ngā aronga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ko:

1. Te whakawhanake i ngā tāpiringa hiato whai hua
2. Te arotau i ngā tukanga whakakotahi maha-wāhanga
3. Te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ārani
4. Te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā tukunga parahanga