1. Kupu Whakataki

Ko te konutea telluride (ZnTe) he rauemi haurua-ā-ira rōpū II-VI nui me te hanganga āputa-rohe tika. I te pāmahana rūma, ko tōna āputa-rohe he tata ki te 2.26eV, ā, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu hikohiko, ngā pūtau rā, ngā pūoko irahiko, me ētahi atu mara. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he whakataki taipitopito ki ngā tukanga hanga mō te konutea telluride, tae atu ki te tauhohenga āhua-totoka, te kawe kohu, ngā tikanga e hangai ana ki te otinga, te epitaxy hihi ngota, me ētahi atu. Ka whakamāramahia ia tikanga i runga i ōna mātāpono, ngā tukanga, ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, me ngā whakaaro matua.

2. Tikanga Tauhohenga Āhua-Tū mō te Hanganga ZnTe

2.1 Mātāpono

Ko te tikanga tauhohenga āhua-totoka te huarahi tuku iho mō te whakarite i te konutea telluride, e tauhohe tika ai te konutea me te tellurium tino-parakore i ngā pāmahana teitei hei hanga i te ZnTe:

Zn + Te → ZnTe

2.2 Tukanga Taipitopito

2.2.1 Te Whakarite Rauemi Mata

1. Kōwhiringa Rauemi: Whakamahia ngā kirikiri konutea parakore-teitei me ngā puranga tellurium me te parakore ≥99.999% hei rauemi tīmatanga.
2. Te Maimoatanga Rauemi i mua:
   • Maimoatanga konutea: Tuatahi, rumakina ki te waikawa hauwaiwaihā waimeha (5%) mō te 1 meneti hei tango i ngā waikura o te mata, horoia ki te wai whakakore iona, horoia ki te etanoru waikore, ā, whakamutunga, whakamarokehia ki roto i te oumu korehau i te 60°C mō te 2 hāora.
   • Te maimoatanga tellurium: Tuatahi, rumakina ki te wai regia (HNO₃:HCl=1:3) mō te 30 hēkona hei tango i ngā waikura o te mata, horoia ki te wai tango-ion kia kore e pirau, horoia ki te etanoru waikore, ā, hei whakamutunga, whakamarokehia ki roto i te oumu korehau i te 80°C mō te 3 hāora.
3. Te Pauna: Paunahia ngā rauemi mata ki te ōwehenga stoichiometric (Zn:Te=1:1). I te whakaaro ki te taea o te whakakorikori o te konutea i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka taea te tāpiri i te 2-3% te nui.

2.2.2 Te Whakaranu Rauemi

1. Te Huri me te Whakaranu: Whakanohoia te konutea me te tellurium kua paunatia ki roto i te moata ākete ka hurihia mō te 30 meneti i roto i te pouaka karapu kua whakakiia ki te argon kia ōrite te ranunga.
2. Te Whakakorikori: Whakatakotoria te paura kua whakaranua ki roto i tētahi pokepokea ai ka pēhi kia rite ki ngā poro he 10-20mm te whānui i raro i te pēhanga 10-15MPa.

2.2.3 Te Whakarite i te Ipu Tauhohenga

1. Te Maimoatanga o ngā Ngongo Kuata: Kōwhiria he ngongo kuata parakore teitei (te whānui o roto 20-30mm, te matotoru o te pakitara 2-3mm), rumakina tuatahi ki te wai regia mō ngā hāora 24, horoia rawatia ki te wai tango-ion, ka whakamaroke ki roto i te oumu i te 120°C.
2. Te Whakarerenga: Whakatakotoria ngā pirepire rauemi mata ki roto i te ngongo kuata, honoa ki te pūnaha korehau, ka whakarere ki te ≤10⁻³Pa.
3. Hiri: Hirihia te ngongo kuata mā te whakamahi i te mura hauwai-hāora, kia roa te hiri ≥50mm kia kore ai e uru te hau.

2.2.4 Tauhohenga Pāmahana-Teitei

1. Wāhanga Whakamahana Tuatahi: Whakanohoia te ngongo quartz hiri ki roto i te oumu ngongo ka whakamahana ki te 400°C i te tere o te 2-3°C/min, me te pupuri mō ngā haora 12 kia taea ai te tauhohenga tuatahi i waenga i te konutea me te tellurium.
2. Wāhanga Whakamahana Tuarua: Me whakamahana tonu ki te 950-1050°C (kei raro iho i te pūwāhi whakangawari o te kuata o te 1100°C) i te 1-2°C/min, me te pupuri mō ngā haora 24-48.
3. Te Ruirui i te Ngongo: I te wā e pāmahana nui ana, whakatītahatia te oumu ki te 45° i ia 2 hāora, ka ruirui kia maha ngā wā kia pai ai te whakaranu o ngā matū tauhohe.
4. Whakamatao: Kia oti te tauhohenga, whakamatao mārire ki te pāmahana rūma i te 0.5-1°C/min hei ārai i te pakaru o te tauira nā te ahotea wera.

2.2.5 Te Tukatuka Hua

1. Te Tango Hua: Whakatuwheratia te ngongo kuata i roto i te pouaka karapu ka tangohia te hua tauhohenga.
2. Te Huri: Hurihia anō te hua kia paura hei tango i ngā mea kāore i tauhohe.
3. Te Whakamahana: Te whakamahana i te paura i te 600°C i raro i te hau argon mō ngā hāora e 8 hei whakamama i te ahotea o roto, hei whakapai ake hoki i te tioata.
4. Te Āhuatanga: Whakamahia te XRD, SEM, EDS, me ētahi atu, hei whakaū i te parakore o te wāhanga me te hanganga matū.

2.3 Te Arotau i ngā Tawhā Tukanga

1. Whakahaere Pāmahana: Ko te pāmahana tino pai o te tauhohenga ko te 1000±20°C. Tērā pea ka kore e oti te tauhohenga i ngā pāmahana iti iho, engari ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei ake te whakakorikori i te konutea.
2. Mana Wā: Me ≥24 hāora te roa o te pupuri kia tino tauhohe ai.
3. Tere Whakamatao: Ka puta he kirikiri nui ake i te whakamatao puhoi (0.5-1°C/min).

2.4 Te Tātaritanga o ngā Painga me ngā Huakore

Ngā Painga:

• He tukanga māmā, he iti noa ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana
• He pai mō te whakaputa puranga
• Teitei o te parakore o te hua

Ngā ngoikoretanga:

• Te pāmahana tauhohenga teitei, te nui o te whakapaunga pūngao
• Te tohatoha rahi o te witi kāore i te ōrite
• Tērā pea he iti noa ngā rauemi kāore i tauhohe

3. Te Tikanga Kawe Kohu mō te Hanganga ZnTe

3.1 Mātāpono

Ko te tikanga kawe mamaoa e whakamahi ana i te hau kawe hei kawe i ngā mamaoa tauhohe ki tētahi rohe pāmahana iti hei whakatakoto, kia tutuki ai te tipu ahunga o te ZnTe mā te whakahaere i ngā pikinga pāmahana. He mea whakamahi noa te iodine hei kaikawe:

ZnTe(s) + I₂(g) ⇌ ZnI₂(g) + 1/2Te₂(g)

3.2 Tukanga Taipitopito

3.2.1 Te Whakarite Rauemi Mata

1. Kōwhiringa Rauemi: Whakamahia he paura ZnTe parakore teitei (parakore ≥99.999%), he paura Zn me Te rānei kua whakaranua kia rite ki te paerewa.
2. Te Whakaritenga o te Kaikawe: He tioata iodine tino parakore (te parakore ≥99.99%), he inenga o te rōrahi ngongo tauhohenga 5-10mg/cm³.
3. Te Maimoatanga Ngongo Kuata: He rite tonu ki te tikanga tauhohenga āhua-totoka, engari me whakamahi ngā ngongo kuata roa ake (300-400mm).

3.2.2 Te Utaina o te Ngongo

1. Te Whakatakotoranga Rauemi: Whakatakotoria te paura ZnTe, te ranunga Zn+Te rānei ki tetahi pito o te ngongo kuata.
2. Tāpiritanga Iodine: Tāpirihia ngā tioata iodine ki te ngongo kuata i roto i te pouaka karapu.
3. Te Whakarerenga: Whakarerea ki te ≤10⁻³Pa.
4. Hiri: Hirihia ki te mura hauwai-hāora, me te pupuri i te ngongo kia whakapae.

3.2.3 Tatūnga Rōnaki Pāmahana

1. Pāmahana o te Rohe Wera: Tautuhi ki te 850-900°C.
2. Pāmahana o te Rohe Matao: Tautuhi ki te 750-800°C.
3. Te Roa o te Rohe Rōnaki: Tata ki te 100-150mm.

3.2.4 Tukanga Tipu

1. Wāhanga Tuatahi: Whakamahanahia ki te 500°C i te 3°C/min, puritia mō ngā haora e 2 kia taea ai te tauhohenga tuatahi i waenga i te iodine me ngā rauemi mata.
2. Wāhanga Tuarua: Me whakamahana tonu ki te pāmahana kua whakaritea, me pupuri tonu te pikinga o te pāmahana, ā, me tipu mō ngā rā 7-14.
3. Whakamatao: Kia oti te tipu, whakamatao ki te pāmahana rūma i te 1°C/min.

3.2.5 Kohinga Hua

1. Te Whakatuwheratanga o te Ngongo: Whakatuwheratia te ngongo kuata i roto i te pouaka karapu.
2. Kohinga: Kohia ngā tioata takitahi ZnTe i te pito makariri.
3. Te Horoi: Horoia mā te whakamahi i te ultrasonic ki te ethanol kore wai mō te 5 meneti hei tango i te iodine e mimiti ana i te mata.

3.3 Ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere Tukanga

1. Te Whakahaere i te Nuinga o te Iodine: Ka pā te kukū o te iodine ki te tere o te kawe; ko te awhe pai ko te 5-8mg/cm³.
2. Te Rerenga o te Pāmahana: Kia mau tonu te rerenga i waenga i te 50-100°C.
3. Te Wā Tipu: Ko te tikanga 7-14 ngā rā, kei te rahi o te tioata e hiahiatia ana.

3.4 Te Tātaritanga o ngā Painga me ngā Huakore

Ngā Painga:

• Ka taea te whiwhi tioata takitahi kounga teitei
• Ngā rahi tioata nui ake
• Teitei o te parakore

Ngā ngoikoretanga:

• Ngā huringa tipu roa
• Ngā whakaritenga taputapu teitei
• He iti te hua

4. Tikanga Whakatinanatanga-Whakatau mō te Hanga Rauemi Nano ZnTe

4.1 Mātāpono

Mā ngā tikanga e hangai ana ki te otinga ka whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga mua i roto i te otinga hei whakarite i ngā matūriki nano ZnTe, i ngā waea nano rānei. Ko tētahi tauhohenga noa ko:

Zn²⁺ + HTe⁻ + OH⁻ → ZnTe + H₂O

4.2 Tukanga Taipitopito

4.2.1 Te Whakarite i te Kaiwhakaora

1. Pūtake Konutea: Konutea ātete (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O), parakore ≥99.99%.
2. Pūtake Tellurium: Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂), parakore ≥99.99%.
3. Kaihoko Whakaiti: Konutai borohydride (NaBH₄), parakore ≥98%.
4. Ngā whakarewa: Wai whakakore iona, ethylenediamine, etanoru.
5. Kaiwhakaora: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).

4.2.2 Te Whakarite i te Pūmua Tellurium

1. Te Whakaritenga Otinga: Whakarewahia te 0.1mmol TeO₂ ki roto i te 20ml o te wai whakakore ira.
2. Tauhohenga Whakaiti: Tāpirihia te 0.5mmol NaBH₄, whakaohokia mā te aukume mō te 30 meneti kia puta ai he wairewa HTe⁻.
   TeO₂ + 3BH₄⁻ + 3H₂O → HTe⁻ + 3B(OH)₃ + 3H₂↑
3. Āhuarangi Tiaki: Kia mau tonu te rere o te hauota puta noa hei ārai i te waikura.

4.2.3 Te Hanganga o te Matūriki Nano ZnTe

1. Te Whakarite i te Wairewa Konutea: Whakarewahia te 0.1mmol konutea acetate ki roto i te 30ml o te ethylenediamine.
2. Te Tauhohenga Ranu: Tāpirihia mārire te wairewa HTe⁻ ki te wairewa konutea, ka tauhohe ki te 80°C mō ngā hāora e 6.
3. Te whakapūpū: I muri i te tauhohenga, whakapūpū i te 10,000rpm mō te 10 meneti hei kohi i te hua.
4. Te horoi: E toru ngā horoinga ki te etanoru me te wai whakakore iona.
5. Whakamaroke: Whakamarokehia ki te mīhini horoi i te 60°C mō ngā hāora e 6.

4.2.4 Te Hanganga Waea Nano ZnTe

1. Tāpiri Tauira: Tāpirihia te 0.2 karamu CTAB ki te otinga konutea.
2. Tauhohenga Waiariki: Whakawhitihia te otinga kua whakaranua ki tētahi autoclave 50ml kua whakakikoruatia ki te Teflon, ka tauhohe ki te 180°C mō ngā hāora 12.
3. Tukatuka-muri: Pērā anō i ngā matūriki nano.

4.3 Te Arotau i ngā Tawhā Tukanga

1. Whakahaere Pāmahana: 80-90°C mō ngā matūriki nano, 180-200°C mō ngā waea nano.
2. Uara pH: Kia mau ki te 9-11.
3. Wā Tauhohenga: 4-6 hāora mō ngā matūriki nano, 12-24 hāora mō ngā waea nano.

4.4 Te Tātaritanga o ngā Painga me ngā Huakore

Ngā Painga:

• Tauhohenga pāmahana-iti, penapena pūngao
• Te āhua me te rahi ka taea te whakahaere
• He pai mō te whakaputa nui

Ngā ngoikoretanga:

• Tērā pea kei roto i ngā hua ngā poke
• Me tukatuka muri
• Kounga tioata iti iho

5. Te Epitaxy Hiko Molecular Beam (MBE) mō te Whakarite Kiriata Angiangi ZnTe

5.1 Mātāpono

Ka whakatipuhia e te MBE ngā kiriata angiangi kotahi-kiriata ZnTe mā te tuku i ngā hihi ngota o te Zn me te Te ki runga i tētahi papa i raro i ngā āhuatanga korehau tino tiketike, me te whakahaere tika i ngā ōwehenga rerenga hihi me te pāmahana o te papa.

5.2 Tukanga Taipitopito

5.2.1 Te Whakarite Pūnaha

1. Pūnaha Korehau: Korehau turanga ≤1×10⁻⁸Pa.
2. Te Whakaritenga Pūtake:
   • Pūtake konutea: 6N konutea parakore teitei i roto i te oko BN.
   • Pūtake telurium: 6N tellurium parakore teitei i roto i te oko PBN.
3. Te Whakarite i te Papatūānuku:
   • Te papa GaAs(100) e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
   • Te horoi i te papa raro: Te horoi i te whakarewa waro → te whakairo waikawa → te horoi wai whakakore iona → te whakamaroke hauota.

5.2.2 Tukanga Tipu

1. Te Whakakorenga Hau o te Papa: Tunua ki te 200°C mō te 1 hāora hei tango i ngā mea mimiti o te mata.
2. Tango Waikura: Whakamahanahia ki te 580°C, pupuri mō te 10 meneti hei tango i ngā waikura o te mata.
3. Te Tipu o te Papa Pūmau: Whakamatao ki te 300°C, whakatipuria te papa pūmau ZnTe 10nm.
4. Te tipu matua:
   • Te pāmahana o te papa: 280-320°C.
   • Pēhanga ōrite o te kurupae konutea: 1×10⁻⁶Torr.
   • Te pēhanga ōrite o te kurupae tellurium: 2×10⁻⁶Torr.
   • Ko te ōwehenga V/III e whakahaeretia ana i te 1.5-2.0.
   • Te tere tipu: 0.5-1μm/h.
5. Te whakamahana: I muri i te tipu, whakamahanatia ki te 250°C mō te 30 meneti.

5.2.3 Te Aroturuki i Roto i te Tūnga

1. Aroturuki RHEED: Te tirotiro i te hanganga anō o te mata me te aratau tipu i te wā tūturu.
2. Ine Papatipu: Aroturuki i te kaha o te hihi ngota.
3. Te Ine Wera Whero: Te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana o te papa.

5.3 Ngā Pūwāhi Whakahaere Tukanga

1. Whakahaere Pāmahana: Ka pā te pāmahana o te papa ki te kounga o te tioata me te āhua o te mata.
2. Ōwehenga Rere Hiko: Ka pā te ōwehenga Te/Zn ki ngā momo me ngā kukū o ngā hapa.
3. Tere Tipu: Ka pai ake te kounga o te tioata mēnā ka iti ake ngā reiti tipu.

5.4 Te Tātari i ngā Painga me ngā Huakore

Ngā Painga:

• Te hanganga tika me te whakahaere i te tāpiringa.
• Ngā kiriata karaihe kotahi kounga teitei.
• Ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā mata papatahi ātomi.

Ngā ngoikoretanga:

• Ngā taputapu utu nui.
• Ngā tere tipu puhoi.
• E hiahiatia ana ngā pūkenga whakahaere matatau.

6. Ētahi atu Tikanga Hanga

6.1 Te Whakatakotoranga Kohu Matū (CVD)

1. Ngā Pūmua: Diethylzinc (DEZn) me te diisopropyltelluride (DIPTe).
2. Te Pāmahana Tauhohenga: 400-500°C.
3. Hau Kawe: Hauota, hauwai rānei, he hauota parakore teitei.
4. Pēhanga: Pēhanga hauātea, pēhanga iti rānei (10-100Torr).

6.2 Te Whakamātao Wera

1. Rauemi Pūtake: Paura ZnTe tino parakore.
2. Taumata Korehau: ≤1×10⁻⁴Pa.
3. Te pāmahana mimiti: 1000-1100°C.
4. Te pāmahana o te papa: 200-300°C.

7. Whakamutunga

He maha ngā tikanga mō te hanga i te konutea telluride, he painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga. He pai te tauhohenga totoka mō te whakarite rauemi papatipu, ka puta he tioata takitahi kounga teitei mai i te kawe mamaoa, he pai ngā tikanga otinga mō ngā rauemi nano, ā, ka whakamahia te MBE mō ngā kiriata angiangi kounga teitei. Me whiriwhiri e ngā tono mahi te tikanga tika i runga i ngā whakaritenga, me te whakahaere pakari i ngā tawhā tukanga hei whiwhi rauemi ZnTe mahi teitei. Ko ngā huarahi ā muri ake nei ko te hanga pāmahana iti, te whakahaere āhua, me te arotau tukanga tāpiri.